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貴州(zhou)防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)設備就是(shi)通過現代電(dian)學以(yi)及其它技術來防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)被雷(lei)擊中的設備。防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)設備從(cong)類型上看大體(ti)可以(yi)分為：電(dian)源防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)器、電(dian)源保護插座、天饋線保護器、信號防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)器、防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)測試工具、測量和(he)控制(zhi)系統防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)器、地極保護器。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)普遍(bian)使(shi)用(yong)促進了防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)發展，當高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網為(wei)千家萬戶提供動(dong)(dong)力和(he)照明(ming)時，雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)大量危害高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)架(jia)設(she)高(gao)(gao)、距離長(chang)、穿越地形復(fu)雜，容易被(bei)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊中(zhong)。避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)針的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護范圍不足以保(bao)(bao)護上(shang)千公里的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)，因此避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)線(xian)作(zuo)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)護高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)新型接閃器(qi)就應運而生。在高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)獲得保(bao)(bao)護后，與高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)連接的(de)(de)(de)發、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備仍然被(bei)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)損壞，人們發現(xian)這是由于 “感(gan)應雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)”在作(zuo)怪。（感(gan)應雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)是因為(wei)直擊雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而感(gan)應到附近的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)導(dao)體中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)，感(gan)應雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)可通過兩種(zhong)不同的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應方式侵入導(dao)體，一是靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)應：當雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)云中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)積聚時，附近的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)體也(ye)會感(gan)應上(shang)相反(fan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，當雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)云中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)迅速釋放(fang)，而導(dao)體中(zhong)原來(lai)被(bei)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)云電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場束縛住的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)會沿導(dao)體流動(dong)(dong)尋找釋放(fang)通道，就會在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

脈沖。二(er)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)：在雷(lei)云放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，迅速變化的(de)(de)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)流在其(qi)周圍(wei)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)強(qiang)大的(de)(de)瞬變電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)，在其(qi)附近的(de)(de)導體(ti)中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)很高的(de)(de)感生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)。研(yan)究表明：靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)感應(ying)方式引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)浪涌數倍于電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)浪涌。）雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)在高壓線上感應(ying)起(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)涌，并(bing)沿導線傳播到與之相連的(de)(de)發、配電(dian)(dian)設(she)備，當這些設(she)備的(de)(de)耐(nai)壓較低(di)時(shi)就會被感應(ying)雷(lei)損壞，為抑(yi)制導線中(zhong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)涌，人們發明了線路(lu)避雷(lei)器。

早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路避(bi)雷(lei)器是開放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)。空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)很高，約500kV/m，而當其被(bei)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)后(hou)(hou)就只有幾十伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低壓(ya)(ya)了(le)(le)。利用空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一(yi)特性人們設(she)計(ji)出(chu)了(le)(le)早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路避(bi)雷(lei)器，將一(yi)根(gen)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端(duan)連在輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)，另(ling)一(yi)根(gen)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端(duan)接地，兩根(gen)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)相隔一(yi)定(ding)距離構(gou)成(cheng)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極，間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)距離確(que)定(ding)了(le)(le)避(bi)雷(lei)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應略高于輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，這(zhe)樣當電(dian)(dian)(dian)路正(zheng)常(chang)工作(zuo)時(shi)，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)相當于開路，不會影響線(xian)(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)工作(zuo)。當過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)侵入時(shi)，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)被(bei)擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)，過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)被(bei)箝位到很低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平，過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也通過(guo)(guo)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)泄放(fang)(fang)(fang)入地，實(shi)現了(le)(le)避(bi)雷(lei)器對(dui)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)。開放(fang)(fang)(fang)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙(xi)有太多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)點，如擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)受環境影響大(da)(da)；空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會氧化電(dian)(dian)(dian)極；空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧形成(cheng)后(hou)(hou)，需經過(guo)(guo)多(duo)個(ge)交流(liu)周期(qi)(qi)才能(neng)(neng)熄(xi)弧，這(zhe)就可能(neng)(neng)造成(cheng)避(bi)雷(lei)器故(gu)障(zhang)或線(xian)(xian)(xian)路故(gu)障(zhang)。以后(hou)(hou)研制(zhi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管、管式避(bi)雷(lei)器、磁吹避(bi)雷(lei)器在很大(da)(da)程(cheng)度上(shang)克(ke)服了(le)(le)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)毛病，但他們仍然(ran)是建立(li)在氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原理上(shang)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)型避(bi)雷(lei)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有缺(que)點：沖擊(ji)擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高；放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)延較(jiao)長（微秒(miao)級）；殘壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)形陡峭（dV/dt較(jiao)大(da)(da)）。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)缺(que)點決定(ding)了(le)(le)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)型避(bi)雷(lei)器對(dui)敏感電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)能(neng)(neng)力不強。

半(ban)導體技術的(de)發展為(wei)我們提供(gong)了防雷新(xin)材料，比如穩壓(ya)管，其伏 —安(an)特性是(shi)符合線路防雷要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)，只是(shi)其通(tong)過雷電流的(de)能力(li)弱，使得(de)普(pu)通(tong)的(de)穩壓(ya)管不能直接用(yong)作避(bi)雷器。早期的(de)半(ban)導體

貴州防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)設備提及隨著通(tong)信的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，又(you)產生了許多用于通(tong)信線(xian)路的(de)避雷(lei)器，由于受通(tong)信線(xian)路傳輸參數的(de)約束(shu)，這一(yi)類避雷(lei)器要考慮(lv)電(dian)容和電(dian)感等影響傳輸參數的(de)指(zhi)標。但其防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)原理與MOV基本一(yi)致。