聯(lian)系我們 |
聯系人:牟先生
電話:14785089385
郵箱:[email protected]
網址:qutongzhang.cn
地址:貴州省貴陽(yang)(yang)市(shi)(shi)云巖區(qu)扶(fu)風東路92號(貴陽(yang)(yang)市(shi)(shi)氣象(xiang)局(ju)內)
信(xin)息來源:貴州云海氣(qi)象(xiang)科(ke)技(ji)服務有限(xian)責任公司 | 發(fa)布時間:2023-10-17 | 瀏覽(lan):378次
貴州防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)設備就(jiu)是通過現(xian)代電(dian)學(xue)以及其它技術來防(fang)止被雷(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)中的設備。防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)設備從類型上看(kan)大體(ti)可以分為:電(dian)源防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)、電(dian)源保護(hu)插座、天饋線保護(hu)器(qi)、信號防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)、防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)測試(shi)工具、測量和控制系統(tong)防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)、地極保護(hu)器(qi)。
發展
電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍使(shi)用促進(jin)了防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,當(dang)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)網為千家萬(wan)戶提供(gong)動(dong)力和(he)照(zhao)明(ming)時,雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)也大量危害高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)設備。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)架(jia)設高(gao)(gao)、距離長、穿越地(di)形(xing)復(fu)雜(za),容(rong)易被(bei)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)中(zhong)。避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)針的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)范圍(wei)不足以保護(hu)上千公(gong)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian),因(yin)此避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)線(xian)作為保護(hu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型接閃器就(jiu)應(ying)(ying)運(yun)而(er)生。在(zai)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)獲得保護(hu)后,與高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)連接的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)、配電(dian)(dian)設備仍(reng)然被(bei)過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)損壞,人們發(fa)現這是(shi)由于 “感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)”在(zai)作怪。(感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)是(shi)因(yin)為直擊(ji)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)放電(dian)(dian)而(er)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)到附近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬導體中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de),感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)可通過兩種不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)方式侵入導體,一是(shi)靜電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying):當(dang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)云中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)荷積(ji)聚(ju)時,附近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導體也會感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)上相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)荷,當(dang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)放電(dian)(dian)時,雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)云中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)荷迅速釋(shi)放,而(er)導體中(zhong)原來被(bei)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)云電(dian)(dian)場束縛住的(de)(de)(de)(de)靜電(dian)(dian)也會沿導體流動(dong)尋找釋(shi)放通道(dao),就(jiu)會在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)形(xing)成電(dian)(dian)
脈(mo)沖。二是電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying):在(zai)雷云放電(dian)(dian)時,迅速(su)變化的(de)雷電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)其(qi)周圍產生強大的(de)瞬變電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場,在(zai)其(qi)附近的(de)導(dao)體(ti)中產生很高(gao)的(de)感生電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢。研究表明(ming):靜電(dian)(dian)感應(ying)方式引起的(de)浪涌數(shu)倍于電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying)引起的(de)浪涌。)雷電(dian)(dian)在(zai)高(gao)壓(ya)線上感應(ying)起電(dian)(dian)涌,并沿導(dao)線傳(chuan)播到與(yu)之(zhi)相(xiang)連(lian)的(de)發(fa)、配電(dian)(dian)設備,當(dang)這些設備的(de)耐壓(ya)較低時就會被感應(ying)雷損壞,為(wei)抑制導(dao)線中的(de)電(dian)(dian)涌,人們發(fa)明(ming)了線路避雷器。
早(zao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi)是開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)間隙(xi)(xi)(xi)。空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)穿電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)很(hen)高,約500kV/m,而(er)當(dang)其(qi)被(bei)(bei)高電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)擊(ji)(ji)穿后(hou)就只有(you)(you)幾十伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)了。利用空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)特性人(ren)們(men)設計出(chu)了早(zao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi),將一(yi)根(gen)導線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端連在(zai)輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)上,另一(yi)根(gen)導線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端接地,兩根(gen)導線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)端相隔一(yi)定距離構成(cheng)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)間隙(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個電(dian)極,間隙(xi)(xi)(xi)距離確定了避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)穿電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),擊(ji)(ji)穿電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)應略高于輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣當(dang)電(dian)路正(zheng)常工作(zuo)時(shi)(shi),空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)間隙(xi)(xi)(xi)相當(dang)于開路,不(bu)會影(ying)響線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常工作(zuo)。當(dang)過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)侵入(ru)時(shi)(shi),空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)間隙(xi)(xi)(xi)被(bei)(bei)擊(ji)(ji)穿,過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)被(bei)(bei)箝位到很(hen)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平(ping),過(guo)電(dian)流(liu)也通過(guo)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)間隙(xi)(xi)(xi)泄(xie)放入(ru)地,實現了避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi)對線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)。開放間隙(xi)(xi)(xi)有(you)(you)太(tai)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺點(dian),如(ru)擊(ji)(ji)穿電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)受環境影(ying)響大(da);空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)放電(dian)會氧化(hua)電(dian)極;空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)形成(cheng)后(hou),需經過(guo)多(duo)(duo)個交(jiao)流(liu)周期(qi)才能(neng)熄弧(hu)(hu),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就可能(neng)造成(cheng)避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi)故(gu)障或線(xian)(xian)路故(gu)障。以(yi)后(hou)研制出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)管、管式避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi)、磁吹避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)很(hen)大(da)程度上克服(fu)了這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)毛病,但他(ta)們(men)仍然(ran)是建立在(zai)氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理上。氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)型避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)(you)缺點(dian):沖擊(ji)(ji)擊(ji)(ji)穿電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高;放電(dian)時(shi)(shi)延較長(chang)(微秒(miao)級(ji));殘壓(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)形陡峭(dV/dt較大(da))。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)缺點(dian)決定了氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)型避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)(qi)對敏感電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)能(neng)力不(bu)強。
半(ban)導(dao)體技(ji)術的(de)發展為(wei)我(wo)們提供(gong)了防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)新(xin)材(cai)料(liao),比如穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)管,其伏(fu) —安(an)特性是(shi)符合線路(lu)防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)要求的(de),只(zhi)是(shi)其通過雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電流的(de)能力弱,使得普(pu)通的(de)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)管不能直接用作(zuo)避雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器。早期(qi)的(de)半(ban)導(dao)體
避(bi)雷(lei)器是以碳化(hua)硅材料做成(cheng)的(de)閥式避(bi)雷(lei)器,它(ta)具有與穩壓(ya)管相似(si)的(de)伏 —安特性,但通過(guo)雷(lei)電流的(de)能(neng)力很強。不過(guo)很快(kuai)人們(men)又發(fa)現了金屬(shu)氧化(hua)物半導體變(bian)阻器(MOV),其伏 —安特性更好,并具有響(xiang)應時間快(kuai)、通流容量大等許(xu)多優(you)點。因此,目前普遍采用MOV線路避(bi)雷(lei)器。
隨著通(tong)信的(de)(de)發展,又產生了許多用(yong)于通(tong)信線(xian)路的(de)(de)避雷(lei)器,由于受(shou)通(tong)信線(xian)路傳輸參(can)數的(de)(de)約(yue)束,這一(yi)類(lei)避雷(lei)器要考慮電容和電感等影響傳輸參(can)數的(de)(de)指標。但其防雷(lei)原理與MOV基本(ben)一(yi)致。